south african surname origins

Genocide: A History. The language law caused friction, distrust and dissatisfaction. A series of battles ensued, in which Mzilikazi was eventually defeated. [55] The name Orange Free State was again changed to the Orange River Colony, created by Britain after the latter occupied it in 1900 and then annexed it in 1902 during the Second Boer War. [24] Others, now known as the SothoTswana peoples (Tswana, Pedi, and Sotho), settled in the interior on the plateau known as the Highveld,[24] while today's Venda, Lemba, and Tsonga peoples made their homes in the north-eastern areas of present-day South Africa. [36] This had the effect of forcing more of the Dutch colonists to move (or trek) away from British administrative reach. [238] A lack of investment in new power generating capacity and an aging fleet of existing power plants was the initial cause of the crisis. [24] The free burghers were ex-VOC soldiers and gardeners, who were unable to return to Holland when their contracts were completed with the VOC. Cecil Rhodes and Charles Rudd followed, with their Gold Fields of South Africa company. Your use of the site indicates your agreement to be bound by our Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. The government declared martial law on 14 October 1914, and forces loyal to the government under the command of generals Louis Botha and Jan Smuts defeated the rebellion. Meanwhile, 34-year-old South African pacer Shabnim Ismail not only took three wickets but also registered her name in record books by bowling the fastest ball in women's cricket. No gold was ever discovered in the annexed territory. [52], The South African Republic (Dutch: Zuid-Afrikaansche Republiek or ZAR, not to be confused with the much later Republic of South Africa), is often referred to as The Transvaal and sometimes as the Republic of Transvaal. 213, 219, 223, 224 Quote: Truth and Reconciliation Commission (1998), Findings on the role of allies of the state, pages 227238, Peter Harris, "The role of rightwing vigilantes in South Africa", in. In late October, Boer commandos supported by local Kgatla tribal collaborators laid siege to the caves. Akpan. [210] Both sides were forced to the negotiating table, with the result that in June 1991, all apartheid laws were finally rescinded- opening the way for the country's first multiracial democratic elections three years later. It has been estimated that the total number of British and colonial troops deployed in South Africa during the war outnumbered the population of the two Boer Republics by more than 150,000. [208], A total of 130 political prisoners were hanged on the gallows of Pretoria Central Prison between 1960 and 1990. [28] The VOC also brought some 71,000 slaves to Cape Town from India, Indonesia, East Africa, Mauritius, and Madagascar.[29]. [80], The increasing economic involvement of the British in southern Africa from the 1820s, and especially following the discovery of first diamonds at Kimberley and gold in the Transvaal, resulted in pressure for land and African labour, and led to increasingly tense relations with Southern African states.[40]. [102], In 1888, British mining magnate Cecil John Rhodes co-founded De Beers Consolidated Mines at Kimberley, after buying up and amalgamating the individual claims with finance provided by the Rothschild dynasty. The dissolution of the Soviet Union in the late-1980s meant the African National Congress (ANC) in alliance with the South African Communist Party, could no longer depend on the Soviet Union for weaponry and political support. [225] The migrant labour system was identified as a primary cause of the unrest. Lesotho, South Africa Kolobe Wild Hog Free State Bagananwa/Bahananwa Sesotho sa Leboa: South Africa Tshwene Baboon Bahurutshe, Limpopo Bahlakoana Sesotho Lesotho, South Africa Free State, Koena, families descending from Disema and Molapo, second and third born sons of Napo a Koena. Lerato Specifics of the contact between Bantu-speakers and the indigenous Khoisan ethnic group remain largely unresearched, although linguistic proof of assimilation exists, as several southern Bantu languages (notably Xhosa and Zulu) are theorised in that they incorporate many click consonants from the Khoisan languages, as possibilities of such developing independently are valid as well. Multi-national mining corporations including Anglo-American Corporation, Lonmin, and Anglo Platinum, were accused of failing to address the enduring legacies of apartheid. [118] The enormous wealth of the mines was in the hands of European "Randlords" overseeing the mainly British foreign managers, mining foremen, engineers and technical specialists, characterised by the Boers as uitlander, meaning aliens. In November 1497, a fleet of Portuguese ships under the command of the Portuguese mariner Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope. [155], From 1948, successive National Party administrations formalised and extended the existing system of racial discrimination and denial of human rights into the legal system of apartheid,[156] which lasted until 1991. It developed into the largest kingdom in the sub-continent before it was abandoned because of climatic changes in the 14th century. Means "gratitude" in Sotho. After the country's first multiracial democratic elections in 1994, a number of terrorist bomb blasts were linked to the AWB. Afumba Kaiser Wilhelm's government arranged for the two Boer Republics to purchase modern breech-loading Mauser rifles and millions of smokeless gunpowder cartridges. Lwando Southern African. The descendants of unions between the Dutch settlers and the Khoi-San and Malay slaves became known officially as the Cape Coloureds and the Cape Malays, respectively. [153] The AWB leader Eugne Terre'Blanche was murdered by farm workers on 3 April 2010. Khumalo: Pretorius: Pretorius is a surname of Germanic origins. [71], In 1861, to avoid the imminent prospect of either being colonised by the Cape Colony or coming into conflict with the expanding Boer Republic of Orange Free State, most of the Philippolis Griquas embarked on a further trek. The conventional view is that availability of livestock was one reason why, in the mid-17th century, the Dutch East India Company established a staging post where the port city of Cape Town is today situated. In 1854, the British handed over the territory to the Boers through the signing of the Sand River Convention. The war is notable for several particularly bloody battles, including an overwhelming victory by the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana, as well as for being a landmark in the timeline of imperialism in the region. The Great Trek. The majority of burghers had Dutch ancestry and belonged to the Dutch Reformed Church, but there were also some Germans, who often happened to be Lutherans. [10], The descendants of the Middle Paleolithic populations are thought to be the aboriginal San and Khoikhoi tribes. [200] The Truth and Reconciliation Commission noted in 2003 that, despite the ANC's stated policy of attacking only military and police targets, "the majority of casualties of MK operations were civilians. Kaya Female | Kaya means "restful place" and is a popular Zulu name. This did not prevent the outbreak of a Second AngloBoer war. Crocodile Bakoena Bahurutshe Setswana Botswana, South Africa . [26] Many Portuguese words are still found along the coast of South Africa including Saldanha, Algoa, Natal, Agulhas, Benguela and Lucia. [87] Faced with starvation, Moshoeshoe signed a peace treaty on 15 October 1858, though crucial boundary issues remained unresolved. English and Dutch became the two official languages in 1925.[129][130]. [184] A controversial bombing and airborne assault conducted by 200 South African paratroopers on 4 May 1978 at Cassinga in southern Angola, resulted in around 700 South West Africans being killed, including PLAN militants and a large number of women and children. The Patriot revolutionaries then proclaimed the Batavian Republic, which was closely allied to revolutionary France. The Bantu expansion was one of the major demographic movements in human prehistory, sweeping much of the African continent during the 2nd and 1st millennia BC. [143], General Jan Smuts was the only important non-British general whose advice was constantly sought by Britain's war-time Prime Minister Winston Churchill. British policy with regard to South Africa would vacillate with successive governments, but the overarching imperative throughout the 19th century was to protect the strategic trade route to India while incurring as little expense as possible within the colony. The colony, with an estimated population of less than 400,000 in 1904[56] ceased to exist in 1910, when it was absorbed into the Union of South Africa as the Orange Free State Province. [145], The early-1940s saw the pro-Nazi Ossewa Brandwag (OB) movement become half-a-million strong, including future prime minister John Vorster and Hendrik van den Bergh, the future head of police intelligence. The exact numbers of all the victims may never be known. The assistance that South Africa gave the British Empire was significant. British sovereignty of the area was recognised at the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the Dutch accepting a payment of 6 million pounds for the colony. [63], By 1860, with slavery having been abolished in 1834, and after the annexation of Natal as a British colony in 1843, the British colonists in Natal (now kwaZulu-Natal) turned to India to resolve a labour shortage, as men of the local Zulu warrior nation were refusing to work on the plantations and farms established by the colonists. "[185] The Angolan government described the target of the attack as a refugee camp. This position was rejected by many rural Afrikaners who supported the Maritz Rebellion. Amani (Ethiopian origin) means "faith". [219] By 2019 the number of skilled black South Africans emigrating out of the country had surpassed the number of white emigres. 28. 2. [77][78] To European settlers in Southern Africa, the same form of tribute was believed to constitute purchase and permanent ownership of the land under independent authority. Following the Invasion of the Cape Colony by the British in 1795 and 1806, mass migrations collectively known as the Great Trek occurred during which the Voortrekkers established several Boer settlements on the interior of South Africa. On 23 October 1984 the UN Security Council endorsed this formal determination. Newbury (1987), p.1 citing D Hobart Houghton and Jennifer Dagut (eds). 'The quantitative Cape: A review of the new historiography of the Dutch Cape Colony', South African Historical Journal 66.1, 2014, pp. Family Education is part of the Sandbox Learning family of educational reference sites for parents, teachers, and students. Religion was a very important aspect of the settlers culture and the bible and church services were in Dutch. Another reason for Dutch-speaking white farmers trekking away from the Cape was the abolition of slavery by the British government on Emancipation Day, 1 December 1838. 21,000 of them were deployed to France as stevedores at French ports, where they were housed in segregated compounds. This was the 499th most popular girl name in the U.K. in 2005, with 70 newborns being named Aamina. Introduction: South Africa has a unique history of apartheid that has had significant implications on economic and social policies. The death penalty was abolished, land reform and redistribution policies were introduced, and equitable labour laws legislated. Johnson: This surname is a patronymic of John. [64], Over the next 50 years, 150,000 more indentured Indian servants and labourers arrived, as well as numerous free "passenger Indians," building the base for what would become the largest Indian diasporic community outside India. The Freeman surname origin was from the person who was a freeman, one who was not a serf and thus had certain rights. [141] On 21 June 1942 nearly 10,000 South African soldiers, representing one-third of the entire South African force in the field, were taken prisoner by German Field Marshal Rommel's forces in the fall of Tobruk, Libya. [citation needed], The TRC, at the conclusion of its mandate in 2004, handed over a list of 300 names of alleged perpetrators to the National Prosecuting Authority (NPA) for investigation and prosecution by the NPA's Priority Crimes Litigation Unit. These groups were displaced or sometimes absorbed by migrating Africans (Bantus) during the Bantu expansion from Western and Central Africa. In the southeastern part of South Africa, Boer settlers and the Xhosa clashed along the Great Fish River, and in 1779 the First Xhosa War broke out. By the time it was finally quelled, hundreds of protesters had been shot dead with many more wounded or arrested by police. It has, however, been verified that 17,182 black people died mainly of diseases in the Cape concentration camps alone, but this figure is not accepted historically as a true reflection of the overall numbers. Special African Surnames, their Origin and What they Mean 1. After the March 1960 massacre of 69 peaceful demonstrators at Sharpeville, and the subsequent declaration of a state of emergency, and the banning of anti-apartheid parties including the African National Congress (ANC), the Pan-Africanist Congress (PAC), and the Communist Party of South Africa, the focus of national resistance turned to armed struggle and underground activity. It is a Dutch/Flemish variant on the word Lowe, meaning Lion. Smuts also signed the Paris Peace Treaty, resolving the peace in Europe, thus becoming the only signatory of both the treaty ending the First World War, and that which ended the Second.[140]. Meaning: 'Flower' or 'blossom.' 4. [133] The Mendi disaster was one of South Africa's worst tragedies of the Great War, second perhaps only to the Battle of Delville Wood. Sotho-speakers know this period as the difaqane ("forced migration"); Zulu-speakers call it the mfecane ("crushing"). The Griqua community became subsequently dissimulated. In early South Africa, European notions of national boundaries and land ownership had no counterparts in African political culture. Under the post-apartheid Constitution the president is head of both state and government. [139][140], About 334,000 South Africans volunteered for full-time military service in support of the Allies abroad. 32. Aamina Aamina is a Somali name, meaning "feel safe." This spelling is an alternative transcription of the Arabic name Amenah. During the early-1990s, Poqo was renamed Azanian People's Liberation Army (APLA). Britain's eventual defeat of the Zulus, marking the end of the Zulu nation's independence, was accomplished with the assistance of Zulu collaborators who harboured cultural and political resentments against centralised Zulu authority. Cattle rustling and livestock theft ensued, with the Khoikhoi being ultimately expelled from the peninsula by force, after a succession of wars. Nineteenth-Century Contests For Land In South Africa's Caledon Valley And The Invention Of The Mfecane", "First Indian workers arrive in South Africa | South African History Online", "Crossing the Kala Pani: cause for "Celebration" or "Commemoration" 150 years on? Historically, surnames evolved as a way to sort people into groups - by occupation, place of origin, clan affiliation, patronage, parentage, adoption, and even physical characteristics (like red hair). As punishment to the Basotho, the governor and commander-in-chief of the Cape Colony, George Cathcart, deployed troops to the Mohokare River; Moshoeshoe was ordered to pay a fine. Available at, Edgerton, Robert B, Africa's armies: from honor to infamy: a history from 1791 to the present (2002) p.109. It has been described as one of the most important paleontological discoveries in modern times. If you wish to find out what records South African Ancestry has for a specific family or surname then please enter the relevant surname or maiden name in the relevant field below and click on "search" to see a full list of our available records. A key act of legislation during this time was the Homeland Citizens Act of 1970. By 1952, the brief flame of mass-based white radicalism was extinguished, when the Torch Commando disbanded due to government legislation under the Suppression of Communism Act, 1950. At the outbreak of World War I, South Africa joined Great Britain and the Allies against the German Empire. Mani is the reduced form of the South Indian surname Subramanian. [191] South African involvement in Angola ended formally after the signing of a United Nations-brokered agreement known as the New York Accords between the governments of Angola, Cuba and South Africa, resulting in the withdrawal of all foreign troops from Angola and also South Africa's withdrawal from South West Africa (now Namibia), which the UN regarded as illegally occupied since 1966. In 1845, a treaty was signed between the British colonists and Moshoeshoe, which recognised white settlement in the area. From 2629 April 1994, the South African population voted in the first universal suffrage general elections. Abebe: The genesis of this Ethiopian name is Amharic, and it means 'flower' or 'blossom'. The SSDI is a searchable database of more than 70 million names. It was inhabited by Australopithecines since at least 2.5 million years ago. The trade union movement was divided. South Africa had the highest prevalence of HIV/AIDS compared to any other country in the world, with 5,600,000 people afflicted by the disease and 270,000 HIV-related deaths were recorded in 2011. The uprising spread throughout the country. [38] The Royal Geographical Society later awarded Livingstone a gold medal for his discovery of Lake Ngami in the desert.[39]. The Democratic Party and Pan Africanist Congress, among others, formed a parliamentary opposition in the country's first non-racial parliament. [233] The Zondo Commission of Inquiry was appointed during the Presidency of Cyril Ramaphosa to investigate allegations of state capture related corruption. [97] No material benefits accrued to the Griquas as a result of either colonisation or annexation; they did not receive any share of the diamond wealth generated at Kimberley. It's pronounced Col-u-WHA. On 12 March 1868, the British parliament declared the Basotho Kingdom a British protectorate and part of the British Empire. Hint: Try searching for a relative alive in 1940. There are 1,000 military records available for the last name South African. Aubrey Newman, Nicholas J Evans, J Graham Smith & Saul W Issroff. The rebel leaders were prosecuted, fined heavily and sentenced to imprisonment ranging from six to seven years. In 1878, Waterboer led an unsuccessful rebellion against the colonial authorities, for which he was arrested and briefly exiled.[76]. Eventually, in the 1830s, large numbers of Boers migrated in what came to be known as the Great Trek. [135], Black and mixed-race South Africans who had supported the war were embittered when post-war South Africa saw no easing of white domination and racial segregation.[136]. [190] However, the South African military had lost air superiority and its technological advantage, largely due to an international arms embargo against the country. [202] The Africanists broke away from the ANC to form the Pan-Africanist Congress and its military wing named Poqo, which became active mainly in the Cape provinces. This has been interpreted as the earliest example ever discovered of abstract art or symbolic art created by Homo sapiens. Those settlers who were allocated money could only claim it in Britain in person or through an agent. [72] East Griqualand was subsequently annexed by Britain in 1874 and incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1879. By the end of the siege, about three weeks later, Mokopane and between 1,000 and 3,000 people had died in the caves. [175][176], In early-November 1975, immediately after Portugal granted independence to its former African colony of Angola, civil war broke out between the rival UNITA and MPLA movements. Renewed tensions between Britain and the Boers peaked in 1899 when the British demanded voting rights for the 60,000 foreign whites on the Witwatersrand. It is the tenth most common family name in the Republic of South Africa. British colonisation, Mfecane and Boer Republics (18151910), Area Study South Africa, US Library of Congress. Passenger lists are your ticket to knowing when your ancestors arrived in the USA, and how they made the journey - from the ship name to ports of arrival and departure. Mannan is also a Muslim surname. It was brought to South Africa in 1678 by Frederich Botha. 5. 3. The progenitors of the extended clan are Willem Schalk van der Merwe (born in "Broeck", probably [[Broek= Babyloninbroek], province Noord-Brabant May 1634,in Babyloninbroek (Broek) and . The cash-strapped post-apartheid government was obliged to repay this debt or else face a credit downgrading by foreign financial institutions. [226], In 2014, around 47% of (mostly black) South Africans lived in poverty, making it one of the most unequal countries in the world. 2. The Jewish population of South Africa in 1880 numbered approximately 4,000; by 1914 it had grown to more than 40,000, mostly migrants from Lithuania. Both Prime Minister Louis Botha and Defence Minister Jan Smuts were former Second Boer War generals who had previously fought against the British, but they now became active and respected members of the Imperial War Cabinet. [45] Shaka built large armies, breaking from clan tradition by placing the armies under the control of his own officers rather than of hereditary chiefs. Some groups, ancestral to today's Nguni peoples (the Zulu, Xhosa, Swazi, and Ndebele), preferred to live near the eastern coast of what is present-day South Africa. [239] The government owned power utility Eskom has been plagued with corruption and mismanagement, most notability during the presidency of Jacob Zuma, which has limited its ability to resolve the crisis. [158], In the aftermath of the 1976 Soweto uprising and the security clampdown that accompanied it, Joint Management Centres (JMCs) operating in at least 34 State-designated "high-risk" areas became the key element in a National Security Management System. An estimated five thousand Zulu warriors were involved. [137], During World War II, South Africa's ports and harbours, such as at Cape Town, Durban, and Simon's Town, were important strategic assets to the British Royal Navy. Your partner in parenting from baby name inspiration to college planning. A Adriaanse Alberts (name) B Badenhorst Bakkes Bekker Blaauw Blignault Blignaut Booi Booysen Boshoff Bosman Botha Breytenbach Burger (surname) Buys C Cilliers Cloete (surname) Coetzee Cronje [186] On 23 August 1981 South African troops again launched an incursion into Angola with collaboration and encouragement provided by the American Central Intelligence Agency (CIA). Means "lion" in Tswana and Sotho. [34] The Cape Articles of Capitulation of 1806 allowed the colony to retain "all their rights and privileges which they have enjoyed hitherto",[35] and this launched South Africa on a divergent course from the rest of the British Empire, allowing the continuance of Roman-Dutch law. Teboho m Southern African, Sotho. The country would only be readmitted to the UN in 1994 following its transition to democracy. Abimbola: Their South African National Party, later known as the South African Party or SAP, followed a generally pro-British, white-unity line. Da Gama gave the name Natal to the coast he was passing, which in Portuguese means Christmas. Meaning "lynx" in English. Social Security Death Index (SSDI) for South African, Browse profiles of historical people with the South African last name, This page needs Javascript enabled in order to work properly. 'The significance of the Cape trade route to economic activity in the Cape Colony: a medium-term business cycle analysis', European Review of Economic History, 14 (2010), pp. A given name may consist of only one name (the first name) or multiple names, in which case subsequent names are referred to as middle names. 2. It pursued a very violent strategy known as "ungovernability", they killed thousands of opposition party, mostly members of Inkatha Freedom Party in some cases burning them alive, including rent boycotts, student protests, and strike campaigns. As European settlers started establishing permanent farms after trekking across the country in search of prime agricultural land, they encountered resistance from the local Bantu people who had originally migrated southwards from central Africa hundreds of years earlier. A movement known as the Torch Commando was formed in the 1950s, led by white war veterans who had fought fascism in Europe and North Africa during World War II, only to find fascism on the rise in South Africa when they returned home. Paul Kruger, one of the leaders of the uprising, became President of the ZAR in 1883. [95] Keate awarded ownership to the Griquas. Nearly 9,000 were killed in action. The 1820s saw a time of immense upheaval relating to the military expansion of the Zulu Kingdom, which replaced the original African clan system with kingdoms. Freeman can also be an African American or Jewish name. 1. [3], European exploration of the African coast began in the 13th century when Portugal committed itself to discover an alternative route to the silk road that would lead to China. Kholwa (Southern African origin), meaning "believe" and is found in both Ndebele and Zulu cultures. The discoveries also led to new conflicts culminating in open warfare between the Boer settlers and the British Empire, fought essentially for control over the nascent South African mining industry. Click. Eventually, van Riebeeck and the VOC began to make indentured servants out of the Khoikhoi and the San. [162] Four hundred M-113A1 armoured personnel carriers, and 106mm recoilless rifles manufactured in the United States were delivered to South Africa via Israel. BP Willan, "The South African Native Labour Contingent, 19161918". BP Willan, "The South African Native Labour Contingent, 19161918", Bill Nasson, "A Great Divide: Popular Responses to the Great War in South Africa,", Russell Ally, "War and goldthe Bank of England, the London gold market and South Africa's gold, 191419,", Susan Mathieson and David Atwell, "Between Ethnicity and Nationhood: Shaka Day and the Struggle over Zuluness in post-Apartheid South Africa" in, Mark Swilling & Mark Phillips, "State power in the 1980s: from total strategy to counter revolutionary warfare", in Jacklyn Cock & Laurie Nathan (eds). The apartheid-era South African military and political intelligence services, for their part, worked closely with American, British and West German secret services throughout the Cold War. After the discovery of hominins at Taung and australopithecine fossils in limestone caves at Sterkfontein, Swartkrans, and Kromdraai these areas were collectively designated a World Heritage site. In 1993, attacks on white civilian targets in public places increased. [131], Public opinion in South Africa split along racial and ethnic lines. Similarly, schools, justice and trade up to the arrival of the British, were all managed in the Dutch language. After considerable debate, and following submissions from advocacy groups, individuals and ordinary citizens, the Parliament enacted a new Constitution and Bill of Rights in 1996. Ababio - Origin: Ghanaian. The police and military who controlled the JMCs by the mid-1980s were endowed with influence in decision-making at every level, from the Cabinet down to local government. The settlement of southern Africa by the Khoisan corresponds to the earliest separation of the extant Homo sapiens populations altogether, associated in genetic science with what is described in scientific terms as matrilinear haplogroup L0 (mtDNA) and patrilinear haplogroup A (Y-DNA), originating in a northwestern area of southern Africa. Except in rare outcrops, however, the main gold deposits had over many years become covered gradually by thousands of feet of hard rock. [224], Migrant labour remained a fundamental aspect of the South African mining industry, which employed half a million mostly black miners. Desiree Hansson, "Changes in counter-revolutionary state strategy in the decade 197989", in Desiree Hansson and Dirk van Zyl Smit (eds.). Bartle Frere then sent Lord Chelmsford to invade Zululand. In further research at the Blombos cave in 2002, stones were discovered engraved with grid or cross-hatch patterns, dated to some 70,000 years ago. Nala Origin: Somali, African Meaning: Us Alternative Spellings & Variations: Naala, Nale, Nahla, Nalla His impis (warrior regiments) were rigorously disciplined: failure in battle meant death.[46]. An important recent find was that of 1.9 million year old Australopithecus sediba, discovered in 2008. In 1836, when Boer Voortrekkers (pioneers) arrived in the northwestern part of present-day South Africa, they came into conflict with a Ndebele sub-group that the settlers named "Matabele", under chief Mzilikazi. Following in Dart's footsteps Robert Broom discovered a new much more robust hominid in 1938 Paranthropus robustus at Kromdraai, and in 1947 uncovered several more examples of Australopithecus africanus at Sterkfontein. Fourie, J. Nelson Mandela was elected as President on 9 May 1994 and formed a Government of National Unity, consisting of the ANC, the National Party and Inkatha. For the veterans among your South African ancestors, military collections provide insights into where and when they served, and even physical descriptions. [187][188] The Angolan army, in resisting what it perceived as a South African invasion, was supported by a combination of Cuban forces and PLAN and ANC guerrillas, all armed with weapons supplied by the Soviet Union. 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