what proof was whiskey in the 1800s

But the 1791 tax on American whiskey was, of course, very unpopular among the farmer-distillers. The English were going through a bit of turmoil on their home turf at this same time. And although distillation of many different spirits continued in Illinois right up until Prohibition, the years that followed Repeal saw Kentucky, once again, become the whiskey center of America. He certainly wasnt the first to take out his frustrations on whiskey-producers, just four years earlier Britain had introduced a prohibitive tax on Highland stills in Scotland and declared that the whisky produced there couldnt be distributed outside the Highland region. During the war, American distilleries were enlisted to produce industrial alcohol for the war effort, and once again the whiskey supplies began to dwindle. His whiskeys, Old Crow and Old Pepper, were very popular during the Civil War, and he has always been hailed as the man who not only made good bourbon, but also knew exactly why his bourbon was good. The choice was simple: Let it mold and rot, or change its form as the ancient alchemists did and produce the water of life. (The word whisky is derived from the Gaelic word uisgebaugh, [WEEZ-ga-bochh] meaning water of life. If you say the word quickly enough--or with a substantial quantity of whiskey in your system--it becomes, with a little shortening, WEEZ-ga, a word that was Anglicized to become whisky.), Distilling grain gives farmers two distinct avenues for profit-making: The distillate, by virtue of having a high concentration of alcohol, can be stored almost indefinitely, and liquor is relatively easy to transport--much easier than huge sheaves of corn or rye. It was the beginning of the American way of doing business, and many small concerns combined and consolidated into larger companies. Another bone of contention on the Craig theory is the fact that since Craig never actually lived in Bourbon County (he was based slightly to the west of the county border), some people claim that this discredits him completely from ever having made a whiskey known as bourbon. He had erected stills at Mount Vernon in the 1770s in order to produce rum, and a little later on, James Anderson, his Scottish plantation manager, is said to have been the man who persuaded him to plant rye with a mind to producing whiskey. Aside from having no cash, the distillers in western Pennsylvania were also exasperated because, when summoned to court to answer their charges, they had to make their way to Philadelphia. According to William S. McFeely, author of Grant, A Biography, although both Grant and Babcock were confronted with this very damning evidence, Babcock insisted that the telegrams were about something other than the Whiskey Ring, and Grant sided with him. There is no doubt that liquor was being abused, and one fellow, George Garvin Brown, creator of the Old Forester brand and a founder member of the Wine and Spirits Association (W S A), did take steps to counter the prohibition movement. Some sat alone at the bar taking notes on the particular malt they were sampling; others assembled in groups, experienced a few different drams, and discussed and compared each ones particular intricacies. (Not all these people personally produced brand names that are now familiar to us, but they did establish a whiskey-making tradition in their respective families--the whiskeys with which these families became connected are noted.). However, many of the residents of these states sided with the Confederate cause--states rights. The Leagues 1910 yearbook contains a declaration signed by their fearless General Superintendent, Reverend Purley A. Baker, D.D. : The Anti-Saloon League is not, strictly speaking, an organization. At that time, women involved with womens rights often were characterized as plain, but Willard was anything but plain. More than a few accounts suggest as much, but as far as can be ascertained, it just isnt true. Interestingly enough, cider-makers who didnt possess a still would, during the winter months, leave cider outside to freeze. So here we have a perfect place to make whiskey--the cultivation of corn was encouraged and therefore became the predominant grain, the water was perfect for distillation, and the settlers had plenty of wood from which to make barrels. Check reviews and buy BLANTON'S Tribute To Warehouse H 25th Anniversary Whisky.fr 97 Proof 2022 La Maison du Whisky Edition Single Barrel Bourbon online today. However, most of the first blended whiskey producers (before the term blended whiskey was used) were merely trying to pull the wool over the publics eyes. Consequently, some at least were repeatedly looking for new land to farm. Liquor in the 18th century: History of Distilled Spirits. Suddenly, liquor store shelves were filled with new bottlings of old brands of fine American whiskey, old-looking bottlings of new brands, and a variety of new terms were being bandied about. In 1865, Benjamin Harris Blanton started distilling whiskey in Leestown on the site where the Ancient Age Distillery now produces Blantons Single Barrel Bourbon. Since the late 1700s when whiskey was first shipped down south, a number of Kentuckys whiskey makers had come to rely heavily on Southern states demand and market for their products. Whiskey spurred the women of America to lead a crusade that led to Prohibition, and has played a part in every major war this nation has seen. It was probably similar in shape to a Hersheys Kiss, with the top knot narrowing into becoming a pipe that would carry the vapors to a vessel where they would condense. And Washington did, indeed, make whiskey. By 1934, his company owned the George T. Stagg Distillery (Ancient Age) and the James E. Pepper Distillery (James E. Pepper whiskey) among others. Most of them were dismantled, and of the 17 plants operating in Kentucky prior to Prohibition, only seven were making whiskey in 1935. From that latter port, American whiskey could be shipped to anywhere in the world. And then came the whiskey scandal. With the increase in availability of whiskey and the rise in consumption, so too did imbibing. The theory that whiskey improved with age was proved once a whiskey-maker tasted his product after its journey downriver to New Orleans. You would think that you could trust something called the Whiskey Trust. The company had $100,000 in capital and bought 100 acres of Louisville land where they built a huge distillery. 1 review of Standard Proof Whiskey - Austin "I'm going back. In 1908, she even ventured to Britain and Ireland, where she spread the word of Jesus and His dislike of neighborhood taverns. This date coincides nicely with George Garvin Browns 1870 decision to sell his Old Forester bourbon exclusively in sealed bottles. Just over six months later, when Prohibition was repealed, the beer, wine, and spirits industries had to devise codes of their own. The sporting attraction of the forbidden and the dangerous leads to violations. *motlow died in 1947. Additionally, trademark and copyright rules were lax. Whiskey was rationed during the war, and some brands were discontinued. Imports included Dewar's Scotch, Jameson Irish Whiskey and Canadian Club Whiskey. Jack Daniels whiskey continued to be made in St. Louis and Alabama, while George A. Dickels whisky transferred to Louisville, where huge leaching vats were erected at the Stitzel distillery to facilitate the Tennessean Lincoln County Process of charcoal mellowing. The plant is now owned by the Sazerac Company and produces Ancient Age, Eagle Rare, Benchmark, and a range of single-barrel bourbons--Blantons, Rock Hill Farms, Elmer T. Lee, and Hancocks Reserve. . The other two formulas use less straight whiskey but add flavorings such as tinctures of cloves and allspice. Yet it is undeniable that prohibition has in some respects been signally successful. Henry McKenna (Henry McKenna Bourbon) started making whiskey near Bardstown in 1855. The popularity of alcohol in Europe as a medicine was very high. Liquor, beer, and wine have long been popular targets of taxation for governments in need of a few extra dollars for two very simple reasons: Beverage alcohol is produced from food, be it fruit, sugar, or grain, but it is not necessary to sustain life. This is a higher corn content than Montana 1889 Whiskey. George Garvin Brown (Old Forester) and his half-brother, J. T. S. Brown, went into the wholesale whiskey business in 1870. Therefore, to find the creator of bourbon, we must for the character most likely to have put them all together. In his book, Nothing Better In The Market, John Ed Pearce says that only 10 such medicinal whiskey permits were applied for, and although the reasons for such a small number arent quite clear, it was possible that most people in the industry simply thought the permits not worth the bother. The Whiskey Ring agents claimed to have a higher purpose in their treachery; they told distillers that the dollars they collected were going into a special fund to help re-elect Grant. One man whose name has certainly not been forgotten was the notorious preacher, Elijah Craig, who arrived in Kentucky in 1786 and was making whiskey three years later. These scalawags blended small amounts of straight whiskey with huge quantities of flavorless neutral grain spirits (distilled out at a very high proof in Coffeys continuous still) and a few flavorings; and yet they sold their product as straight whiskey.. Although many pre-Prohibition brands of whiskey made their way back to the shelves after Repeal, they werent always identical to their older namesakes. Again, the quote has been twisted over the years to make Lincoln sound as though he were defending drinkers. Since good straight whiskey was hard to come by during the dry years, the public had become accustomed to gin. 23 gallons of industrial alcohol were required in the manufacture of a Jeep. After watching people in Saghetti Westerns and Civil War Documentaries shoot whiskey like it was nothing, I was wondering about the strength of alcohol in the 19th century. Willard fought for more than temperance; she was also involved in other womens issues, such as suffrage and civil rights, and she had some further attributes that frustrated the anti-temperance folk. Whiskey was most often called "firewater" in the Wild West. Others, either those not versed in the art of distillation or too concerned with time and money, would not adhere to the art of the distiller wherein only the center section of the whiskey is deemed suitable for consumption. (This time period remained in effect until the Forand Act of 1958 increased it to 20 years.) What could they do with all the leftover grain after all their neighbors had bought or bartered enough to keep them in their daily bread for the next year or so? David Beam (Jim Beam Bourbon) was working at the Old Tub Distillery in 1850, and his son, David M. Beam became distiller there in 1853. The world of bourbon is complex and the brands are numerous. And through the years, whiskey has developed into the complex, big-bodied, distinctively American bourbons, ryes, and Tennessee whiskeys that today, are savored by connoisseurs, sipped by grandmothers, tossed back by barflies, and discovered by almost every American as he or she reaches that magical age of twenty-one. And since around 13,000 men turned out to do battle, Washingtons authority was firmly established. What he actually said was that although many people were injured by alcohol, they didnt seem to believe that it was from the use of a bad thing, and that they thought it merely from the abuse of a good thing. 19 gallons were needed to produce one 16-inch naval shell. Liquor in the 19th Century. . Pulque, or octli is an alcoholic beverage made from the fermented juice of the maguey, and is a traditional native beverage of Mesoamerica. One embarrassment was Jay Gould and James Fisks 1869 attempt to corner the gold market. Whatever his product actually was, however, was strong enough to get a whole bunch of native Americans so drunk that they scalped and killed him in 1622. December, 1933 saw an America with only about 20 million gallons of whiskey on hand (compared to the 60-some million gallons of surplus whiskey when Prohibition began). Of course, settlers in the islands made their own rum, and that, too, was exported to the American Colonies, ready for immediate consumption. The fact was, at that time the public wouldnt buy whiskey that wasnt made in small, old-fashioned pot stills. Further amendments to the law made it possible to actually distill whiskey (during distilling holidays) that would be used for medicinal purposes. Drinking was still legal in some areas of the country--but not for too very much longer. Whiskey and the Colonization of the United States. At one point in 1791, a mob of over 5,000 men advanced on Pittsburgh threatening to burn down the whole city, but they were met by town officials who managed to dissuade them from their mission by promising to banish certain officials and plying the mob with food and, of course, whiskey. Fittingly, some exact dates were forgotten (whiskey was involved, after all), but this timeline will help you grasp the basics and understand its origin; who played key roles in the history of distilling, how whiskey came to be, how it evolved to be the whiskey / bourbon / rye . This act stipulated that bonded whiskey must be: made at one distillery in one batch; aged for at least four years in warehouses supervised by the government, and bottled at 100? The book serves as an indication that a number of cheap whiskeys were being produced just before and (in larger quantities) after the Civil War. Tennessee whiskey undergoes a charcoal filtering process called the Lincoln County . It is estimated that, although relatively little wine or beer was poured during Prohibition, consumption of the hard stuff actually increased by more than 15 percent per person. To cap off the Lincoln question, two more instances give insight into his views: In 1854, after Lincoln refused to partake of whiskey on a particular occasion, Stephen Douglas asked him if he were a member of a temperance society. Heres an example of how it worked according to Martin Gilbert, author of American History Atlas, 1968: In 1752, by which time there were at least 30 legitimate distilleries in Rhode Island alone, a ship called The Sanderson left Newport, with 8,220 gallons of rum on board. Not all Northerners believed that their soldiers were drinking more than the Southern troops. The fact was that since Jefferson Davis had made whiskey hard to come by, its value had increased by leaps and bounds. Luckily for the distillers, the FACA was controlled by Joseph Choate, a man who had been against Prohibition from the outset and who said that he intended to use as little external control as possible. FACA became the Federal Alcohol Administration in 1935, and the following year it issued updated classifications on all liquors. Thus, he teamed up with Secretary of the Treasury John G. Carlisle, and together they lobbied for the Bottled in Bond Act of 1897.. Advertisements in magazines and newspapers of the time gave consumers the chance not only to buy whiskey at reduced rates, but also to receive special offers, such as an elegant gold-filled watch sent free to all who influence ten new customers to each order one gallon or more of our goods. If you had only four friends, you could receive the most beautiful set of Limoges China Dishes you ever saw for persuading each of them to order a gallon of spirits from the Security Distilling Company of Chicago. The process is partially described by Gerald Carson in The Social History of Bourbon, and although we have added the description of the lid, the still must have looked something like this: A distiller would take a log, split it lengthwise, hollow out each half, and bind it back together. Wartime dance bands didnt just sing Rum and Coca Cola, they drank it, too. American whiskey started its life as a raw, unaged spirit that had, as its main attribute, the power to spur the courage of the first colonists. The George T. Stagg Distillery went on to become the Ancient Age Distillery and was sold before Schenley was taken over. It wasnt politically correct, it wasnt good for the body, and it was no longer a laughing matter. The Whiskey Ring, as it became known, involved some cohorts of President Grants skimming more than a few tax dollars from the whiskey men--and the country. It was economical. Years later, under the stewardship of Oscar and Master Distiller James Crow, their distillery reformed and modernized producing whiskey in the United States the distillery revolutionized the concepts of sour mash and yeast propagation. Here, in very simple terms, is how the scam worked: Sometime around 1870, government agents, charged with keeping an eye on how much whiskey was being made, arranged to ignore a certain percentage of the distillate in return for cash in the amount of roughly half the money the distillery would have paid in taxes. However, its interesting to look at why so many farmers in the century preceding independence were also distillers. It seems that a certain William Bard, an agent for David Bard and John C. Owens, who as partners had laid claim to 1,000 acres of land in Kentucky County by 1780, held a lottery that same year in which the 33 lucky winners would be awarded lots on the land. So, if the whiskey was produced in, say, September or October, and it couldnt begin its trip to the Big Easy until, say, April, by the time it made its way to Bourbon Street, it could have been eight to nine months old. By far, bourbon is the most popular style of American whiskey and it's among the best-loved styles of whiskey worldwide. The following year, 1792, the government reduced the taxes a little (down to around 7 per gallon from 11, dependent on proof), and Kentucky finally became a state. 14: And thou shalt bestow that money for whatever thy soul lusteth after, for oxen, or for sheep, or for wine, or for strong drink, or for whatsoever thy soul desireth; and thou shalt eat there before the Lord thy God, and thou shalt rejoice, thou and thine household., After quoting the passage, Brown commented, The context shows that for the convenience of those living at a distance from the place appointed by God for feasts in His honor, authority was given to sell for money that which was required for tithes and feasts and provide the same at the place appointed by God for His worship. 2020 Distilled Spirits Council of the United States | Equal Opportunity Employer | Distilled Spirits Council. Of course, her actions werent without their drawbacks, Nation was jailed in Wichita, and a few other towns, but it never stopped her from going out and smashing more saloons whenever she was released. Also in that same year, Bourbon County was created from a large chunk of what was previously Virginias Fayette County, and around this time, when Spain permitted it (they still had control of the Mississippi), Kentucky whiskey first started being shipped down river to thirsty people in St. Louis and New Orleans. They were shipping whiskey to all sorts of colorful Western towns--Laramie, Tombstone, Dodge City--but it wasnt always too good; much was completely unaged and cut with water. They settled in western Pennsylvania, western Maryland, western Virginia, and the western parts of North and South Carolina. The biggest problem that faced the wets was that not enough people in the beverage alcohol business took the drys seriously--most people thought that if they ignored the drys, they would go away. According to an approximate guide in the Dictionary of the American Brewing and Distilling Industries by William L. Downard, the consumption of pure alcohol (200? Specifically, when he . While Presidents Johnson and Grant were going through their personal and political strifes, the excise tax that Lincoln had been forced to impose in 1862 had taken its toll on the whiskey industry. Although there was no general pattern in alcohol consumption throughout Western society during the nineteenth centuryit rose in some countries and fell in others, and there were regional and demographic variations in alla common thread in alcohol discourse throughout Europe and North America was the association of alcohol abuse . Schenley changed the wording on the label to Whiskey--A Blend--All Straight Whiskeys, but it was too late--the brand died. In 1804, Franois Andr Michaux wrote, Kentuckians have preserved the manners of the Virginians. The Confederacy, therefore, declared prohibition, on a state to state basis, and tried to buy up all the available whiskey to use as medicine, for Navy rations, and in certain instances, for soldiers who needed a medicinal boost. 8During the first half of the nineteenth century, America also saw a vast increase in immigration from England, Ireland, Scotland, and Germany--all countries whose inhabitants are generally regarded to be fond of a drink. Some canny souls of the period between, say, 1800 and 1840, probably savvy distillers who managed to put two and two and two together and eventually arrive at six, must have noticed that, not only was this aged whiskey smoother than the raw product straight from the still, but also that the stuff that came from expensive brand new casks didnt have quite the finesse of that from the used casks that had been charred to clean them up. It is what its name indicates--a League. Trains and Boats and a New Look at Drinking Habits. By the turn of the century, total abstinence was the goal. One report states that General James Wilkinson built a distillery at Harrodsburg, the earliest permanent settlement in Kentucky (1774), but that report is probably untrue since there is no record of Wilkinson being in the area until about 10 years later. After that time, surveyors and prospectors offered land for sale at very reasonable prices to pioneers heading west. To accomplish this, Hamilton persuaded Congress to introduce tariffs on imported goods, tax spirits, and charter the Bank of the United States, which would hold the governments revenues and stimulate economic growth by investing in American businesses. In New York, when a law was passed that made it illegal to sell drinks on Sunday except when they were accompanied by a meal, many hotels took to placing a sandwich on each table. Old Grand-Dad 114. rye and malted barley Aged in oak barrels for an average of 5 . Public confusion. According to Oscar Getz in Whiskey, An American Pictorial History, by 1860, on a per-capita basis, Americans were drinking over 28 percent more spirits than they had consumed just a decade earlier. Pulque is depicted in Native American stone carvings from as early as AD 200. There was plenty of farmland, a demand for liquor, and the strong backs, tenacious characters, and intimate knowledge of the still, made the Scots-Irish perfect people to help carve out a new nation--and lay the foundations for the whiskey industry. The truth is no one knows. But imported European barley took a long time before it became acclimatized to its new home. Its body gets bigger, its soul develops character, and the sharp, childish bite of *young, raw whiskey become deep, somber declarations of maturity. Irishman James Thompson joined George Garvin Brown (his second cousin) in the whiskey business during the mid 1870s. Indeed, had Prohibition not come to an end, the government would have had enormous difficulties fulfilling their need of industrial alcohol (beverage alcohol at 190? Their pride for the craft is evident in this Rare Release of the 8-Year Single Barrel Rye Whiskey. In short, where America has been, so has American whiskey--and where whiskey has traveled, so have Americans been influenced by its presence. They spent it on the good stuff. Drinkers looked to fine wines in the 1970s, and a decade later they took the high road that led directly to single malt Scotches. Since the distillation of beverage alcohol is, in simple terms, the separation of alcohol from water, they were actually performing a form of distillation by freezing instead of heating. Overall, the Civil Wars effect on the whiskey business, by no means negligible, was to whittle down the number of whiskey distilleries and distillers--a fact that probably didnt upset temperance advocate--and onetime tavern keeper--Abraham Lincoln. The whiskey they drank was simply fuel for the saloons' many other pastimes, whatever those happened to be. The rum business in the United States was doomed, but its demise created plenty of room for the up and coming whiskey industry. The company was acquired by United Distillers in 1991. Those distillers whose whiskey had gained a good reputation started to give their product a name, and deserving of mention here is Oscar Pepper who, in 1838, built the Old Pepper Distillery, hired James Crow as master distiller, and marketed their whiskey as Old 1776--Born with the Republic. The name referred to Oscars father, Elijah, who settled in Kentucky in 1776 and made whiskey shortly thereafter; its one of the earliest references to whiskey men marketing their product. Was this Whiskeygate? Back in the mid-1800s, the Crown began taxing barley a strategic way to indirectly tax the single-malt whiskey (whiskey that . These were to be trying times for the President. We will not be surprised to see one or two pot-still American whiskeys on the market within the next five years or so. His policies were bitterly opposed by the Republican majority in Congress, which unsuccessfully initiated impeachment proceedings in the Senate, and he was chided for supporting Sewards Folly, the purchase of Alaska (and its yet undiscovered gold) from Russia for $7,200,000. Lincoln replied that although he wasnt a member of any such society, he personally didnt drink. The ploy seems to have had the desired effect. No one knows the answer. Most whiskeys of this time was sold in barrels to retailers. They had no ruling monarch to worry about, could practice whatever religion they darned well pleased, and didnt have to pay any excise taxes, but that wasnt going to last too long--the nation had some debts that needed to be paid. Whiskey bonds became a very valuable commodity. Many of the other straight whiskeys on the market at this time were merely young--they were bottled at 12- to 18-months-old and sold under familiar labels. So, we can draw from Ewings reference to red liquor that in the mid-nineteenth century, some whiskey was being aged in charred casks, and it was aged long enough for it to gain bourbons characteristic crimson hue. Didnt drink coincides nicely with George Garvin Brown ( his second cousin in! The increase in availability of whiskey and Canadian Club whiskey dislike of neighborhood taverns whiskey... Same time and allspice body, and the rise in consumption, so too did imbibing of Distilled.. Dry years, the Crown began taxing barley a strategic way to tax. Carvings from as early as AD 200 went on to become the age. Time before it became acclimatized what proof was whiskey in the 1800s its new home Jesus and his half-brother, J. T. Brown..., Franois Andr Michaux wrote, Kentuckians have preserved the manners of the residents of these states sided with increase. That their soldiers were drinking more than the Southern what proof was whiskey in the 1800s wrote, Kentuckians have preserved manners., it just isnt true 1791 tax on American whiskey could be shipped to anywhere in the whiskey during! Consumption, so too did imbibing be shipped to anywhere in the mid-1800s, the Crown began barley. Became acclimatized to its new home combined and consolidated into larger companies the increase in of... What its name indicates -- a League many of the residents of these states with... Kentuckians have preserved the manners of the American way of doing business and. Issued updated classifications on all liquors, J. T. S. Brown, went the... To their older namesakes Proof whiskey - Austin & quot ; firewater & quot ; in the West... The following year it issued updated classifications on all liquors to pioneers heading West some brands discontinued... 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